@article{ref1,
title="Association between solar insolation and a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder",
journal="Journal of psychiatric research",
year="2019",
author="Bauer, Michael and Glenn, Tasha and Alda, Martin and Andreassen, Ole A. and Angelopoulos, Elias and Ardau, Raffaella and Ayhan, Yavuz and Baethge, Christopher and Bauer, Rita and Baune, Bernhard T. and Becerra-Palars, Claudia and Bellivier, Frank and Belmaker, Robert H. and Berk, Michael and Bersudsky, Yuly and Bicakci, Şule and Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet and Bjella, Thomas D. and Cabrera, Jorge and Wo Cheung, Eric Y. and Del Zompo, Maria and Dodd, Seetal and Donix, Markus and Etain, Bruno and Fagiolini, Andrea and Fountoulakis, Kostas N. and Frye, Mark A. and Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana and Gottlieb, John F. and Grof, Paul and Harima, Hirohiko and Henry, Chantal and Isometsä, Erkki T. and Janno, Sven and Kapczinski, Flavio and Kardell, Mathias and Khaldi, Slim and Kliwicki, Sebastian and König, Barbara and Kot, Timur L. and Krogh, Rikke and Kunz, Mauricio and Lafer, Beny and Landén, Mikael and Larsen, Erik R. and Lewitzka, Ute and Licht, Rasmus W. and Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos and MacQueen, Glenda and Manchia, Mirko and Marsh, Wendy and Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Mónica and Melle, Ingrid and Meza-Urzúa, Fátima and Ming, Mok Yee and Monteith, Scott and Morken, Gunnar and Mosca, Enrica and Mozzhegorov, Anton A. and Munoz, Rodrigo and Mythri, Starlin V. and Nacef, Fethi and Nadella, Ravi K. and Nery, Fabiano G. and Nielsen, René E. and O'Donovan, Claire and Omrani, Adel and Osher, Yamima and Sørensen, Helle Østermark and Ouali, Uta and Ruiz, Yolanda Pica and Pilhatsch, Maximilian and Pinna, Marco and da Ponte, Francisco D. R. and Quiroz, Danilo and Ramesar, Raj and Rasgon, Natalie and Reddy, M. S. and Reif, Andreas and Ritter, Philipp and Rybakowski, Janusz K. and Sagduyu, Kemal and Raghuraman, Bharathram Sathur and Scippa, Ângela M. and Severus, Emanuel and Simhandl, Christian and Stackhouse, Paul W. and Stein, Dan J. and Strejilevich, Sergio and Subramaniam, Mythily and Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim and Suominen, Kirsi and Tagata, Hiromi and Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka and Tondo, Leonardo and Torrent, Carla and Vaaler, Arne E. and Vares, Edgar and Veeh, Julia and Vieta, Eduard and Viswanath, Biju and Yoldi-Negrete, Maria and Zetin, Mark and Zgueb, Yosra and Whybrow, Peter C.",
volume="113",
number="",
pages="1-9",
abstract="In many international studies, rates of completed suicide and suicide attempts have a seasonal pattern that peaks in spring or summer. This exploratory study investigated the association between solar insolation and a history of suicide attempt in patients with bipolar I disorder. Solar insolation is the amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun striking a surface area on Earth. Data were collected previously from 5536 patients with bipolar I disorder at 50 collection sites in 32 countries at a wide range of latitudes in both hemispheres. Suicide related data were available for 3365 patients from 310 onset locations in 51 countries. 1047 (31.1%) had a history of suicide attempt. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempt and the ratio of mean winter solar insolation/mean summer solar insolation. This ratio is smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. This ratio is largest near the equator where there is relatively little variation in the insolation over the year. Other variables in the model that were positively associated with suicide attempt were being female, a history of alcohol or substance abuse, and being in a younger birth cohort. Living in a country with a state-sponsored religion decreased the association. (All estimated coefficients p < 0.01). In summary, living in locations with large changes in solar insolation between winter and summer may be associated with increased suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Further investigation of the impacts of solar insolation on the course of bipolar disorder is needed.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3956",
doi="10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.001",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.001"
}