@article{ref1,
title="Correlates of depression in U.S. Military service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury",
journal="Military medicine",
year="2019",
author="Kennedy, Jan E. and Lu, Lisa H. and Reid, Matthew W. and Leal, Felix O. and Cooper, Douglas B.",
volume="184",
number="Suppl 1",
pages="148-154",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are identified as signature injuries of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Statistics have confirmed a high incidence of PTSD among military personnel with mild TBI (mTBI) who served in these conflicts. Although receiving less attention, individuals with a history of mTBI are also at increased risk for depressive disorders. This study examines the incidence and correlates of depression in service members with a history of mTBI received an average of 4-1/2 years prior to evaluation. <br><br>METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 184 service members with a history of mTBI extracted from a data repository maintained at a military medical center. <br><br>RESULTS: One-third of the sample (34.2%) was clinically diagnosed with a depressive disorder in the month preceding evaluation. Of those with depression, 81% (51 of 63) were also diagnosed with PTSD. Proportionately more women than men had depression. Depression was more common among those who were undergoing a Military Evaluation Board and those who served in more than three combat deployments. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm chronically elevated the rates of depressive disorders and PTSD comorbidity among service members with a history of mTBI. Depression screening and treatment within the Military Health System should remain a priority for service members reporting a remote history of mTBI. Individuals with chronic PTSD, women, service members undergoing MEB and those who served in greater than three combat deployments are at particular risk.<br><br>© The Author 2019. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of Association of Military Surgeons of the United States]. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0026-4075",
doi="10.1093/milmed/usy321",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy321"
}