@article{ref1,
title="RETRACTED: Effects of cartoon violence on aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors",
journal="Aggressive behavior",
year="2019",
author="Zhang, Qian and Cao, Yi and Gao, JingYa and Yang, Xiong and Rost, Detlef H. and Cheng, Gang and Teng, Zhaojun and Espelage, Dorothy L.",
volume="45",
number="5",
pages="489-497",
abstract="<b>THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED</b> by the journal editors due to questions about the validity of the stated study methods. See DOI: 10.1002/ab.22035  This article reports on an experiment designed to test whether the cartoon manipulation leads to significant increases in aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors among Chinese children (n = 3,000). <br><br>RESULTS indicated that brief exposure to a violent cartoon triggered higher aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors than a nonviolent cartoon. Females displayed higher aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors than males in a nonviolent cartoon condition, while males displayed higher aggressive behaviors than females in a violent cartoon condition. Mediation analysis suggested that the effect on aggressive behaviors was mediated by aggressive thoughts. The findings imply that cartoon developers, parents, and teachers should develop cartoons that inhibit children's aggressive thoughts to avoid aggressive behaviors. Females are the key group for the prevention and intervention of aggression in a nonviolent cartoon context, while males are the key group for the prevention and intervention of aggression in a violent cartoon context.<br><br>© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0096-140X",
doi="10.1002/ab.21836",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.21836"
}