@article{ref1,
title="Chronic pain among the hospitalized patients after the 22 July 2011 terror attacks in Oslo and at Utøya Island",
journal="Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica",
year="2019",
author="Wisløff-Aase, Kristin and Raeder, Johan and Månum, Grethe and Løvstad, Marianne and Schanke, Anne-Kristine and Dyb, Grete and Ekeberg, Øivind and Stanghelle, Johan Kvalvik",
volume="63",
number="7",
pages="913-922",
abstract="BACKGROUND: On 22 July 2011, 48 people were hospitalized due to physical injuries from gun shots or explosion, following 2 terror attacks in the Oslo area, Norway. In this study, we have investigated the occurrence of chronic pain, the severity and consequences of chronic pain in these patients, 3 to 4 years after the incidents. <br><br>METHODS: Totally 43 eligible terror trauma patients were invited to participate in the study, 30 patients were included. They underwent a consultation with a psychologist and a physician; containing psychological assessment, neuropsychological screening, a standardized clinical interview, medical examination, and a pain protocol. <br><br>RESULTS: In 18 (60%) the injury was severe, as defined by New Injury Severity Score > 15. Twenty-four patients (80%) reported injury-related chronic pain after the trauma, in 22 with consequences on daily life. Analgesics were used by 20 patients, including 5 in need of opioids. Ten patients had unmet needs of further specialist pain care. In 12 patients, the average pain score last week was above three on a 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale. In these patients, clinical signs of neuropathic pain were evident in 10, as tested by the Douleur Neuropathique score. There were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between severity of chronic pain and presence of post-traumatic stress symptoms, reduced quality of life, reduced psychosocial and physical function; but no correlation with pre-injury patient characteristics or the degree of physical injury. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Chronic pain was frequent and significant, irrespective of injury severity, in these patients who obtained their physical injuries under extreme psychological conditions.<br><br>© 2019 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-5172",
doi="10.1111/aas.13373",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.13373"
}