@article{ref1,
title="Psychometric evaluation of the Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) in Malawian adolescents",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="2019",
author="Kidman, Rachel and Smith, Dylan and Piccolo, Luciane R. and Kohler, Hans-Peter",
volume="92",
number="",
pages="139-145",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have lifelong adverse impacts on health and behavior. While this relationship has been extensively documented in high-income countries, evidence from lower-income contexts is largely missing. In order to stimulate greater research on the prevalence and consequences of ACEs in low-income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). <br><br>OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we explore the factor structure, validity and reliability of the original ACE-IQ, and evaluate whether potential adaptations improve its predictive validity. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Four hundred and ten adolescents (age 10-16 years old) from Malawi. <br><br>METHODS: The adolescents answered an adapted version of ACE-IQ and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). <br><br>RESULTS: Taken together, our results suggest that (a) the ACE-IQ is structured in three dimensions: household disruption, abuse, and neglect; (b) there is support for the validity of the scale evidenced by the correlation between subdimensions (average across 13 correlations, phi = .20, p < 0,01; across subdomains (phi = .10, p < 0,01); partial agreement among children with the same caregiver (ICC = .43, p < .001) and correlation between ACE and depression (predictive validity; r = .35, p < .001); (c) information on the timing of the adversities (&quot;last year&quot; in addition to &quot;ever&quot;) modestly improved the predictive value of the ACE-IQ in models of depression (from R<sup>2</sup> = .12 to.15, p < .001); and (d) additional HIV-related questions showed low endorsement and a modest correlation with BDI (r = .25, p < 0,01). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the ACE-IQ is appropriate for use among adolescents from a low-income context.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.015"
}