@article{ref1,
title="Using causal energy categories to report the distribution of injuries in an active population: an approach used by the U.S. Army",
journal="Journal of science and medicine in sport",
year="2019",
author="Hauschild, Veronique D. and Schuh-Renner, Anna and Lee, Terrence and Richardson, Melissa D. and Hauret, Keith and Jones, Bruce H.",
volume="22",
number="9",
pages="997-1003",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To describe the etiologic distribution of all injuries among U.S. Army Active Duty soldiers by causal energy categories. <br><br>DESIGN: Retrospective cohort, descriptive analysis. <br><br>METHODS: Injury was defined as the interruption of tissue function caused by an external energy transfer (mechanical, thermal, radiant, nuclear, chemical, or electrical energy). A comprehensive injury matrix standardized categories by causal energies, body locations, and injury types. Categories differentiated acute (ACT) from cumulative micro-traumatic (CMT) overuse injuries, and musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI) from those affecting other or multiple body systems (non-MSKI). International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses codes were organized into established categories. The matrix was applied to electronic health records for U.S. Army soldiers in 2017. <br><br>RESULTS: Mechanical energy transfers caused most injuries (97%, n = 809,914): 76% were CMT overuse and the remaining were ACT (<21%). The majority (83%) were MSKI (71% CMT, 12% ACT). While almost one-half (47%) were to lower extremities (38% CMT, 9% ACT) the most frequently injured anatomical sites were the knee and lower back (16% each, primarily CMT). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: For the first time all soldiers' injuries have been presented in the same context for consistent comparisons. <br><br>FINDINGS confirm the vast majority of injuries in this physically-active population are MSKI, and most are CMT MSKI. A very small portion are non-MSKI or injuries caused by non-mechanical energy (e.g., heat- or cold-weather). Most Army injuries are to the lower extremities as a grouped body region, but additional matrix specificity indicates the most injured anatomical locations are the knee, lower back, and shoulder.<br><br>Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1440-2440",
doi="10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.001",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.001"
}