@article{ref1,
title="Testing the reciprocal association between smoking and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2019",
author="Ranjit, Anu and Korhonen, Tellervo and Buchwald, Jadwiga and Heikkilä, Kauko and Tuulio-Henriksson, Annamari and Rose, Richard J. and Kaprio, Jaakko and Latvala, Antti",
volume="200",
number="",
pages="64-70",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies enhance understanding of the complex reciprocal relationship between smoking and depression from adolescence to young adulthood. Examining bi-directional associations between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in a genetically informative twin design can help to understand whether the associations are independent of shared genetic and environmental factors. <br><br>METHODS: We analyzed longitudinal data on smoking and depressive symptoms in twins participating in the adolescent (mean age 17.5) and young adult (mean age 21.9) surveys of the FinnTwin12 study (maximum N = 2,954 individuals; 1,154 twin pairs). At both waves, self-reported depressive symptoms, assessed with the 10-item version of the General Behavior Inventory (GBI), and smoking status were analyzed. The bi-directional associations were first studied among individuals and then within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. <br><br>RESULTS: When adjusted for multiple covariates and baseline depressive symptoms, daily smokers at age 17 had higher depressive symptom scores at age 22 than never smokers (Incidence Rate Ratio = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03-1.33). Similarly, when adjusted for covariates and baseline smoking, higher score in GBI at age 17 was associated with an increased likelihood of being a non-daily (Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.11) or daily (RRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.10) smoker at age 22. No associations were found in within-pair analyses, suggesting that the individual-level association is explained by shared familial liabilities. <br><br>CONCLUSION: During the developmental period from adolescence to adulthood, cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms are reciprocally associated. However, these associations are confounded by shared genetic and other familial liabilities.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.012",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.012"
}