@article{ref1,
title="Do we really need more stages? Comparing the effects of likelihood alarm systems and binary alarm systems",
journal="Human factors",
year="2019",
author="Zirk, Anna and Wiczorek, Rebecca and Manzey, Dietrich",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="18720819852023-18720819852023",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This research investigates the potential behavioral and performance benefits of a four-stage likelihood alarm system (4-LAS) contrasting a 3-LAS, a binary alarm system with a liberal threshold (lib-BAS), and a BAS with a conservative threshold (con-BAS). <br><br>BACKGROUND: Prior research has shown performance benefits of 3-LASs over conventional lib-BASs due to more distinct response strategies and better discriminating true from false alerts. This effect might be further enhanced using 4-LASs. However, the increase in stages could cause users to reduce cognitive complexity by responding in the same way to the two lower and the two higher stages, thus treating the 4-LAS like a con-BAS. <br><br>METHOD: All systems were compared using a dual-task paradigm. Response strategies, number of joint human machine (JHM) false alarms (FAs), misses, and sensitivity were regarded. <br><br>RESULTS: Compared with the lib-BAS, JHM sensitivity only improved with the 4-LAS and the con-BAS. However, the number of JHM misses was lowest for the con-BAS compared with all other systems. <br><br>CONCLUSION: JHM sensitivity improvements can be achieved by using a 4-LAS, as well as a con-BAS. However, only the latter one may also reduce the number of JHM misses, which is remarkable considering that BASs with conservative thresholds a priori commit more inbuilt misses than other systems. APPLICATION: Results suggest implementing conservative BASs in multi-task working environments to improve JHM sensitivity and reduce the number of JHM misses. When refraining from designing systems which are miss prone, 4-LASs represent a suitable compromise.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720819852023",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819852023"
}