@article{ref1,
title="The more you know: trust dynamics and calibration in highly automated driving and the effects of take-overs, system malfunction, and system transparency",
journal="Human factors",
year="2019",
author="Kraus, Johannes and Scholz, David and Stiegemeier, Dina and Baumann, Martin",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="18720819853686-18720819853686",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a theoretical model and two simulator studies on the psychological processes during early trust calibration in automated vehicles. <br><br>BACKGROUND: The positive outcomes of automation can only reach their full potential if a calibrated level of trust is achieved. In this process, information on system capabilities and limitations plays a crucial role. <br><br>METHOD: In two simulator experiments, trust was repeatedly measured during an automated drive. In Study 1, all participants in a two-group experiment experienced a system-initiated take-over, and the occurrence of a system malfunction was manipulated. In Study 2 in a 2 × 2 between-subject design, system transparency was manipulated as an additional factor. <br><br>RESULTS: Trust was found to increase during the first interactions progressively. In Study 1, take-overs led to a temporary decrease in trust, as did malfunctions in both studies. Interestingly, trust was reestablished in the course of interaction for take-overs and malfunctions. In Study 2, the high transparency condition did not show a temporary decline in trust after a malfunction. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Trust is calibrated along provided information prior to and during the initial drive with an automated vehicle. The experience of take-overs and malfunctions leads to a temporary decline in trust that was recovered in the course of error-free interaction. The temporary decrease can be prevented by providing transparent information prior to system interaction. APPLICATION: Transparency, also about potential limitations of the system, plays an important role in this process and should be considered in the design of tutorials and human-machine interaction (HMI) concepts of automated vehicles.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720819853686",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819853686"
}