@article{ref1,
title="A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets",
journal="Nature communications",
year="2019",
author="Koks, E. E. and Rozenberg, J. and Zorn, C. and Tariverdi, M. and Vousdoukas, M. and Fraser, S. A. and Hall, J. W. and Hallegatte, S.",
volume="10",
number="1",
pages="e2677-e2677",
abstract="Transport infrastructure is exposed to natural hazards all around the world. Here we present the first global estimates of multi-hazard exposure and risk to road and rail infrastructure. <br><br>RESULTS reveal that ~27% of all global road and railway assets are exposed to at least one hazard and ~7.5% of all assets are exposed to a 1/100 year flood event. Global Expected Annual Damages (EAD) due to direct damage to road and railway assets range from 3.1 to 22 billion US dollars, of which ~73% is caused by surface and river flooding. Global EAD are small relative to global GDP (~0.02%). However, in some countries EAD reach 0.5 to 1% of GDP annually, which is the same order of magnitude as national transport infrastructure budgets. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that increasing flood protection would have positive returns on ~60% of roads exposed to a 1/100 year flood event.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2041-1723",
doi="10.1038/s41467-019-10442-3",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10442-3"
}