@article{ref1,
title="Safety at the edge: a safety framework to identify edge conditions in the future transportation system with highly automated vehicles",
journal="Injury prevention",
year="2019",
author="Ryerson, Megan S. and Long, Carrie S. and Scudder, Kristen and Winston, Flaura K.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Automated driving systems (ADS) have the potential for improving safety but also pose the risk of extending the transportation system beyond its <i>edge conditions</i>, beyond the operating conditions (operational design domain (ODD)) under which a given ADS or feature thereof is specifically designed to function. The ODD itself is a function of the known bounds and the unknown bounds of operation. The <i>known bounds</i> are those defined by vehicle designers; the <i>unknown bounds</i> arise based on a person operating the system outside the assumptions on which the vehicle was built. The process of identifying and mitigating risk of possible failures at the edge conditions is a cornerstone of systems safety engineering (SSE); however, SSE practitioners may not always account for the assumptions on which their risk mitigation resolutions are based. This is a particularly critical issue with the algorithms developed for highly automated vehicles (HAVs). The injury prevention community, engineers and designers must recognise that automation has introduced a fundamental shift in transportation safety and requires a new paradigm for transportation epidemiology and safety science that incorporates <i>what</i> edge conditions exist and <i>how</i> they may incite failure. Towards providing a foundational organising framework for the injury prevention community to engage with HAV development, we propose a blending of two classic safety models: the Swiss Cheese Model, which is focused on safety layers and redundancy, and the Haddon Matrix, which identifies actors and their responsibilities before, during and after an event.<br><br>© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1353-8047",
doi="10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043134",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043134"
}