@article{ref1,
title="Penetrating wounds of the upper extremity - prevalence and etiology",
journal="Revista brasileira de ortopedia (Sao Paulo)",
year="2019",
author="Erazo, Jaime Piccaro and Sabongi, Rodrigo Guerra and Moares, Vinicius Ynoe de and Santos, João Baptista Gomes Dos and Faloppa, Flávio and Belloti, João Carlos",
volume="54",
number="2",
pages="134-139",
abstract="<b>Objective</b>  To define the major epidemiological features of upper limb penetrating injuries, as well as to identify the causes and the frequency of these lesions at the Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, a hand surgery center in the city of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. <b>Methods</b>  The present study was based on a sample of consecutive patients from our orthopedics and traumatology institute from May 2014 to May 2016. Data were collected by telephone, and a prestructured questionnaire regarding data and features of the lesions was applied. Descriptive statistics and proportions comparison with the chi-squared test were performed with a <i>p</i> -value < 5% considered as statistically significant. <b>Results</b>  At first, 1,648 records were considered and, after applying the exclusion criteria and eliminating duplicate records, 598 records were included in the present study. Most of the patients were male (77.8%), right-handed (95.82%), with an average age of 37.27 years old. Manual laborers were the most injured individuals (50.00%), and fingers were the most affected site (51.84%). Glass was the most frequent etiologic agent (33.77%). The prevalence of amputation was higher in industrial machinery injuries ( <i>p</i>  < 0.05) when compared with other causes. Younger patients (< 18 years old) had more glass-related injuries, while older patients (≥ 60 years old) had more traumas caused by power tools ( <i>p</i>  < 0.05). Women had more injuries resulting from razors and glass ( <i>p</i>  < 0.05). Manual laborers had a higher frequency of power tools and industrial machinery-related injuries ( <i>p</i>  < 0.05) and a higher prevalence of amputations ( <i>p</i>  < 0.05). <b>Conclusion</b>  The most frequent etiology was glass, especially in individuals < 18 years old. Women and older patients (> 60 years old) presented a high frequency of traumas caused by razors and power tools, respectively. More severe injuries were caused by machinery and were related with work activity.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0102-3616",
doi="10.1016/j.rbo.2017.12.017",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbo.2017.12.017"
}