@article{ref1,
title="How to obtain a reliable estimate of occupational exposure? Review and discussion of models' reliability",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2019",
author="Spinazzè, Andrea and Borghi, Francesca and Campagnolo, Davide and Rovelli, Sabrina and Keller, Marta and Fanti, Giacomo and Cattaneo, Andrea and Cavallo, Domenico Maria",
volume="16",
number="15",
pages="e16152764-e16152764",
abstract="Evaluation and validation studies of quantitative exposure models for occupational exposure assessment are still scarce and generally only consider a limited number of exposure scenarios. The aim of this review was to report the current state of knowledge of models' reliability in terms of precision, accuracy, and robustness. A systematic review was performed through searches of major scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed), concerning reliability of Tier1 (&quot;ECETOC TRA&quot;-European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Targeted Risk Assessment, MEASE, and EMKG-Expo-Tool) and Tier2 models (STOFFENMANAGER<sup>®</sup> and &quot;ART&quot;-Advanced Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Tool). Forty-five studies were identified, and we report the complete information concerning model performance in different exposure scenarios, as well as between-user reliability. Different studies describe the ECETOC TRA model as insufficient conservative to be a Tier1 model, in different exposure scenarios. Contrariwise, MEASE and EMKG-Expo-Tool seem to be conservative enough, even if these models have not been deeply evaluated. STOFFENMANAGER<sup>®</sup> resulted the most balanced and robust model. Finally, ART was generally found to be the most accurate and precise model, with a medium level of conservatism. Overall, the results showed that no complete evaluation of the models has been conducted, suggesting the need for correct and harmonized validation of these tools.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph16152764",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152764"
}