@article{ref1,
title="When do we punish people who don't?",
journal="Cognition",
year="2019",
author="Martin, Justin W. and Jordan, Jillian J. and Rand, David G. and Cushman, Fiery",
volume="193",
number="",
pages="104040-104040",
abstract="People often punish norm violations. In what cases is such punishment viewed as normative-a behavior that we &quot;should&quot; or even &quot;must&quot; engage in? We approach this question by asking when people who fail to punish a norm violator are, themselves, punished. (For instance, a boss who fails to punish transgressive employees might, herself, be fired.) We conducted experiments exploring the contexts in which higher-order punishment occurs, using both incentivized economic games and hypothetical vignettes describing everyday situations. We presented participants with cases in which an individual fails to punish a transgressor, either as a victim (second party) or as an observer (third party). Across studies, we consistently observed higher-order punishment of non-punishing observers. Higher-order punishment of non-punishing victims, however, was consistently weaker, and sometimes non-existent. These results demonstrate the selective application of higher-order punishment, provide a new perspective on the psychological mechanisms that support it, and provide some clues regarding its function.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0010-0277",
doi="10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104040",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104040"
}