@article{ref1,
title="The benefits and costs of low and high degree of automation",
journal="Human factors",
year="2019",
author="Tatasciore, Monica and Bowden, Vanessa K. and Visser, Troy A. W. and Michailovs, Steph I. C. and Loft, Shayne",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="18720819867181-18720819867181",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of low and high degree of automation (DOA) on performance, subjective workload, situation awareness (SA), and return-to-manual control in simulated submarine track management. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Theory and meta-analytic evidence suggest that as DOA increases, operator performance improves and workload decreases, but SA and return-to-manual control declines. Research also suggests that operators have particular difficulty regaining manual control if automation provides incorrect advice. <br><br>METHOD: Undergraduate student participants completed a submarine track management task that required them to track the position and behavior of contacts. Low DOA supported information acquisition and analysis, whereas high DOA recommended decisions. At a late stage in the task, automation was either unexpectedly removed or provided incorrect advice. <br><br>RESULTS: Relative to no automation, low DOA moderately benefited performance but impaired SA and non-automated task performance. Relative to no automation and low DOA, high DOA benefited performance and lowered workload. High DOA did impair non-automated task performance compared with no automation, but this was equivalent to low DOA. Participants were able to return-to-manual control when they knew low or high DOA was disengaged, or when high DOA provided incorrect advice. <br><br>CONCLUSION: High DOA improved performance and lowered workload, at no additional cost to SA or return-to-manual performance when compared with low DOA. APPLICATION: Designers should consider the likely level of uncertainty in the environment and the consequences of return-to-manual deficits before implementing low or high DOA.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720819867181",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181"
}