@article{ref1,
title="Mind-wandering and driving: comparing thought report and individual difference measures",
journal="Proceedings of the ... international driving symposium on human factors in driver assessment, training and vehicle design",
year="2019",
author="Walker, Heather and Trick, Lana",
volume="2019",
number="",
pages="8-14",
abstract="Mind-wandering is a cognitive state in which attention is diverted from the main task and towards more personal thoughts, which can interfere with performance. This study investigated differences in patterns of mind-wandering and driving performance measured during thought-probe versus posttask self-report conditions, and further differentiated based on individual differences in working memory--as measured by the Operation Span (OSPAN) and Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Participants completed two 30-minute drives. Those in the thought-probe condition were asked whether they were thinking of driving; the proportion of trials where they answered &quot;no&quot; was used as the index of mind-wandering. In the post-task condition participants estimated the percentage of time they had mind-wandered during each drive. Speed, steering variability, headway distance, and hazard response time to a lead vehicle braking were also measured. <br><br>RESULTS showed that the magnitude of mind-wandering captured in the thought-probe condition was greater than in the post-task condition, though hazard response times were also faster despite greater mindwandering reports. Higher OSPAN scores were associated with greater reports of mind-wandering, but only in the post-task condition. Conversely, in the post-task condition those with low SART scores responded slower to hazards than those with high scores; in the thought-probe condition these groups did not differ. <br><br>FINDINGS indicate a differential impact of report-type on participant experience, emphasizing the need for more covert measures of mind-wandering--e.g., eye-tracking or electroencephalography--that provide accurate estimates of task engagement but don't interfere with task flow.  Available: https://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/sites/drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/files/da2019_03_walker_final.pdf<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}