@article{ref1,
title="Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its behavioral correlates in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)",
journal="Developmental psychobiology",
year="2019",
author="Paukner, Annika",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="2D:4D ratios are typically lower in adult human males than females and are linked to numerous sex-differentiated behaviors. 2D:4D ratios are considered an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure; if so, children's 2D:4D ratios would arguably be even better indicators of prenatal androgen exposure since children have experienced fewer postnatal influences than adults. However, sex differences in 2D:4D ratios as well as associations between 2D:4D ratios and sex-typed behaviors in children have been inconsistent. Several studies also report sex differences and behavioral correlates of 2D:4D ratios in adult non-human primates, but little is known about 2D:4D ratios in infant non-human primates. This study examined sex differences in 2D:4D ratios over the first month of life, and associations with behavioral outcomes at 12-24 weeks of age, in N = 304 infant rhesus macaques. An increase in 2D:4D ratios over the first month of life was found, as well as associations with aggression and play behaviors, but no sex differences in 2D:4D ratios were observed. These results highlight the need for future developmental studies of 2D:4D ratios in order to determine not only their stability and predictive value, but also to discern the mechanism connecting prenatal androgen exposure, 2D:4D ratios, and behavioral outcomes.<br><br>© 2019 The Authors. Developmental Psychobiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0012-1630",
doi="10.1002/dev.21917",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.21917"
}