@article{ref1,
title="Parenting for Lifelong Health for young children: a randomized controlled trial of a parenting program in South Africa to prevent harsh parenting and child conduct problems",
journal="Journal of child psychology and psychiatry",
year="2019",
author="Ward, Catherine L. and Wessels, Inge M. and Lachman, Jamie M. and Hutchings, Judy and Cluver, Lucie D. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Nhapi, Raymond and Little, Francesca and Gardner, Frances",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Parenting programs suitable for delivery at scale in low-resource contexts are urgently needed. We conducted a randomized trial of Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) for Young Children, a low-cost 12-session program designed to increase positive parenting and reduce harsh parenting and conduct problems in children aged 2-9. <br><br>METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-six caregivers, whose children showed clinical levels of conduct problems (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Score, >15), were randomly assigned using a 1:1 ratio to intervention or control groups. At t<sub>0</sub> , and at 4-5 months (t<sub>1</sub> ) and 17 months (t<sub>2</sub> ) after randomization, research assistants blind to group assignment assessed (through caregiver self-report and structured observation) 11 primary outcomes: positive parenting, harsh parenting, and child behavior; four secondary outcomes: parenting stress, caregiver depression, poor monitoring/supervision, and social support. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02165371); Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR201402000755243); Violence Prevention Trials Register (http://www.preventviolence.info/Trials?ID=24). <br><br>RESULTS: Caregivers attended on average 8.4 sessions. After adjustment for 30 comparisons, strongest results were as follows: at t<sub>1</sub> , frequency of self-reported positive parenting strategies (10% higher in the intervention group, p = .003), observed positive parenting (39% higher in the intervention group, p = .003), and observed positive child behavior (11% higher in the intervention group, p = .003); at t<sub>2,</sub> both observed positive parenting and observed positive child behavior were higher in the intervention group (24%, p = .003; and 17%, p = .003, respectively). <br><br>RESULTS with p-values < .05 prior to adjustment were as follows: At t<sub>1</sub> , the intervention group self-reported 11% fewer child problem behaviors, 20% fewer problems with implementing positive parenting strategies, and less physical and psychological discipline (28% and 14% less, respectively). There were indications that caregivers reported 20% less depression but 7% more parenting stress at t<sub>1</sub>. Group differences were nonsignificant for observed negative child behavior, and caregiver-reported child behavior, poor monitoring or supervision, and caregiver social support. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: PLH for Young Children shows promise for increasing positive parenting and reducing harsh parenting.<br><br>© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-9630",
doi="10.1111/jcpp.13129",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13129"
}