@article{ref1,
title="Duration of American football play and chronic traumatic encephalopathy",
journal="Annals of neurology",
year="2019",
author="Mez, Jesse and Daneshvar, Daniel H. and Abdolmohammadi, Bobak and Chua, Alicia S. and Alosco, Michael L. and Kiernan, Patrick T. and Evers, Laney and Marshall, Laura and Martin, Brett M. and Palmisano, Joseph N. and Nowinski, Christopher J. and Mahar, Ian and Cherry, Jonathan D. and Alvarez, Victor E. and Dwyer, Brigid and Huber, Bertrand R. and Stein, Thor D. and Goldstein, Lee E. and Katz, Douglas I. and Cantu, Robert C. and Au, Rhoda and Kowall, Neil W. and Stern, Robert A. and McClean, Michael D. and Weuve, Jennifer and Tripodis, Yorghos and McKee, Ann C.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with exposure to contact and collision sports, including American football. We hypothesized a dose-response relationship between duration of football played and CTE risk and severity. <br><br>METHODS: In a convenience sample of 266 deceased American football players from the Veterans Affairs-Boston University-Concussion Legacy Foundation and Framingham Heart Study Brain Banks, we estimated the association of years of football played with CTE pathological status and severity. We evaluated the ability of years played to classify CTE status using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Simulation analyses quantified conditions that might lead to selection bias. <br><br>RESULTS: 223 of 266 participants met neuropathological diagnostic criteria for CTE. More years of football played was associated with having CTE (odds ratio [OR]=1.30 per year played, 95%CI, 1.19-1.41; P=3.8x10<sup>-9</sup> ) and with CTE severity (severe vs. mild; OR=1.14 per year played, 95%CI, 1.07-1.22; P=3.1x10<sup>-4</sup> ). Participants with CTE were 1/10<sup>th</sup> as likely to have played <4.5 years (negative likelihood ratio [LR]=0.102, 95%CI, 0.100-0.105) and were 10X as likely to have played >14.5 years (positive LR=10.2, 95%CI, 9.8-10.7) compared with participants without CTE. Sensitivity and specificity were maximized at 11 years played. Simulation demonstrated that years played remained adversely associated with CTE status when years played and CTE status were both related to brain bank selection across widely ranging scenarios. <br><br>INTERPRETATION: The odds of CTE double every 2.6 years of football played. After accounting for brain bank selection, the magnitude of the relationship between years played and CTE status remained consistent. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0364-5134",
doi="10.1002/ana.25611",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25611"
}