@article{ref1,
title="Incidence trends and predictors of in-hospital mortality in drowning in children and adolescents in the United States: a national inpatient database analysis",
journal="Clinical pediatrics",
year="2019",
author="Umapathi, Krishna Kishore and Thavamani, Aravind and Dhanpalreddy, Harshitha and Khatana, Jasmine and Roy, Aparna",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="We sought to examine incidence and mortality trends of drowning-related hospitalizations in children aged <20 years and to study the presence of risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Retrospective analysis of the 2003-2016 Health Care Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database was performed. The estimated annual incidence rate of drowning hospitalizations declined 31.5% from 2.73 to 1.87 per 100 000 population. Most drowning-related hospitalizations were seen in <5-year-old children (66.4%) and in males (65.3%), Caucasians (41.7%), and public insurance (46%). In-hospital mortality declined 46% from an estimated 290 deaths in 2003 to 156 deaths in 2016. On multivariate analysis, age <5 years, Caucasian ethnicity, uninsured status, pool/bathtub or undetermined location, arrhythmia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.3, <i>P</i> =.001), acute kidney injury (aOR = 3.4, <i>P</i> <.001), cerebral edema (aOR = 2.8, <i>P</i> <.001), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (aOR = 12.1, <i>P</i> <.001), and invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR = 28.4, <i>P</i> <.001) were found to be independent predictors of mortality.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-9228",
doi="10.1177/0009922819886871",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819886871"
}