@article{ref1,
title="Responses of the scaled pediatric human body model in the rear- and forward-facing child seats in simulated frontal motor vehicle crashes",
journal="Traffic injury prevention",
year="2019",
author="Belwadi, Aditya and Sarfare, Shreyas and Tushak, Sophie and Maheshwari, Jalal and Menon, Srihari",
volume="20",
number="Suppl 2",
pages="S143-S144",
abstract="<b>Objective:</b> The study presents the first-ever endeavor at developing 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, and 48-month-old pediatric finite element models from the 6-year-old PIPER human body model as a baseline and comparing their responses systematically in rear-facing and forward-facing simulations across similar boundary conditions.<b>Methods:</b> A 6-year-old PIPER model was scaled down to create anthropometric models of the 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, and 48-month-old child using the PIPER scaling tool. The models were installed on a convertible car seat (rear-facing and forward-facing configurations) installed with a 3-point lap-shoulder belt in the rear outboard seat of a 2012 Toyota Camry vehicle model finite element model and setup for full-frontal crash simulation (24 <i>G</i>, 120 ms pulse).<b>Results:</b> The forward-facing models showed higher head resultant accelerations for 24-, 36-, 42-, and 48-month-old models (reduction for rear-facing seats ranging from 10% to 32%). For the 18- and 30-month-old models, the maximum head acceleration showed similar values (difference of less than 10%). Upper neck forces and moments were consistently lower for rear-facing models compared to forward-facing. The neck forces were reduced by 83%-90% and the neck moments were reduced by 63%-85% in the rear-facing models compared to their respective forward-facing configurations. The reduction in head injury criterion (HIC<sub>36</sub>) for rear-facing models ranged from 14% to 51%. The neck injury criterion (<i>N<sub>ij</sub></i>) for all forward-facing models was 6 to 9 times the values of their rear-facing counterpart.<b>Conclusions:</b> The study shows the potential benefit of rear-facing orientation compared to forward-facing for children up to 4 years of age in a controlled environment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1538-9588",
doi="10.1080/15389588.2019.1661684",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1661684"
}