@article{ref1,
title="Examining the overlap between moral injury and PTSD in US veterans and active duty military",
journal="Journal of nervous and mental disease",
year="2019",
author="Koenig, Harold G. and Youssef, Nagy A. and Ames, Donna and Teng, Ellen J. and Hill, Terrence D.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Moral injury (MI) is a syndrome thought to be separate from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet having some overlap. To determine the overlap, we examined the relationship between MI and the four DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters (B, C, D, E) in US veterans and active duty military (ADM). The 45-item Moral Injury Symptom Scale (MISS-M) was administered to 591 veterans and ADM who had served in a combat theater and had PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms were measured with the PTSD Symptom Checklist-5, which assesses the four PTSD symptom clusters. Total MISS-M scores were more strongly associated with PTSD symptom cluster D (negative cognitions and emotions) in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. <br><br>FINDINGS for a 10-item version of the MISS-M (MISS-M-SF) closely followed those of the MISS-M. Although the overlap between MI and PTSD occurs to some extent across all PTSD symptoms clusters, the largest overlap tends to be with the negative cognitions and emotions cluster.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3018",
doi="10.1097/NMD.0000000000001077",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001077"
}