@article{ref1,
title="Suicide case-fatality rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014: a nationwide population-based study",
journal="Annals of internal medicine",
year="2019",
author="Conner, Andrew and Azrael, Deborah R. and Miller, Matthew",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The suicide case-fatality rate (CFR)-the proportion of suicidal acts that are fatal-depends on the distribution of methods used in suicidal acts and the probability of death given a particular method (method-specific CFR). <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To estimate overall and method-specific suicide CFRs and the distribution of methods used in suicidal acts by demographic characteristics. <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: United States, 2007 to 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Suicide deaths (n = 309 377 records from the National Vital Statistics System) and nonfatal suicide attempts requiring treatment in an emergency department (ED) (n = 1 791 638 records from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample) or hospitalization (n = 1 556 871 records from the National [Nationwide] Inpatient Sample) among persons aged 5 years or older. MEASUREMENTS: Rates of suicide deaths and nonfatal suicide attempts, overall and method-specific CFRs, and distribution of methods used, by sex, age group, region, and urbanization. <br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 8.5% of suicidal acts were fatal (14.7% for males vs. 3.3% for females; 3.4% for persons aged 15 to 24 years vs. 35.4% for those aged ≥65 years). Drug poisoning accounted for 59.4% of acts but only 13.5% of deaths; firearms and hanging accounted for only 8.8% of acts but 75.3% of deaths. Firearms were the most lethal method (89.6% of suicidal acts with a firearm resulted in death), followed by drowning (56.4%) and hanging (52.7%). <br><br>METHOD-specific CFRs were higher for males and older persons. The distribution of methods varied across demographic groups. LIMITATIONS: Results are based on suicidal acts resulting in an ED visit, a hospitalization, or death. Consequently, the reported CFRs are larger than they would have been had the data included nonfatal attempts that did not result in an ED visit. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Variation in overall suicide CFR between sexes and across age groups, regions, and urbanization is largely explained by the distribution of methods used in suicidal acts. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Joyce Foundation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-4819",
doi="10.7326/M19-1324",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M19-1324"
}