@article{ref1,
title="Impact of secondary ADHD on long-term outcomes after early childhood traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="2019",
author="Narad, Megan E. and Riemersma, Jacqlyn and Wade, Shari L. and Smith-Paine, Julia and Morrison, Paige and Taylor, H. Gerry and Yeates, Keith Owen and Kurowski, Brad G.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (SADHD) on long-term global and executive functioning in adolescents after traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING: Three tertiary cared children's hospitals and 1 general hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty children (TBI: n = 54; orthopedic injury: n = 66) without preinjury ADHD evaluated approximately 6.8 years postinjury. <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-sectional data analysis from a prospective, longitudinal study. MAIN MEASURES: Outcomes included functional impairment (Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale) and executive functioning (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]). <br><br>RESULTS: SADHD moderated the association of injury type with the BRIEF-Behavioral Regulation Index (F1,113 = 4.42, P =.04) and the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (F1,112 = 8.95, P =.003). TBI was only associated with poorer outcomes in the context of SADHD. SADHD was also associated with poorer outcomes on the BRIEF-Global Executive Composite (F1,113 = 52.92, P <.0001) and BRIEF-Metacognitive Index scores (F1,113 = 48.64, P <.0001) across groups. Adolescents with TBI had greater BRIEF-Global Executive Composite scores than those with orthopedic injury (F1,113 = 5.00, P =.03). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although SADHD was associated with poorer functioning across groups, its adverse effects on behavioral regulation and overall functioning were amplified following TBI. TBI + SADHD may confer an elevated risk for significant impairments in early adolescence.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="10.1097/HTR.0000000000000550",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000550"
}