@article{ref1,
title="Depressive symptoms and substance use: changes overtime among a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2019",
author="Javanbakht, Marjan and Shoptaw, Steven and Ragsdale, Amy and Brookmeyer, Ron and Bolan, Robert and Gorbach, Pamina M.",
volume="207",
number="",
pages="e107770-e107770",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine depressive symptoms overtime and quantify the variance in symptoms attributable to substance use among a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. <br><br>METHODS: Participants were enrolled in an NIH/NIDA funded cohort, with 534 men resulting in 1,888 visits between August 2014 and June 2018. Participants were between 18 and 45 years, and half were HIV-positive. At baseline and semi-annual visits, information was collected on depressive symptoms, sexual behaviors, and substance use. Changes overtime in symptom scores were evaluated using individual growth curve modeling. <br><br>RESULTS: The average CES-D<sub>20</sub> score was 19.5 (SD = 12.7). Depressive symptoms were highest among daily/weekly methamphetamine users (56% vs. 39% occasional users and 27% non-users; p value<.01). Factors independently associated with depressive symptoms included methamphetamine use (adjusted OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and transactional sex (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.5). Based on growth curve modeling, methamphetamine was the most influential predictor of depressive symptoms, accounting for 10% of individual variance (p value<.01). Declines in depressive symptoms were noted for heavy users of a number of drugs, except for methamphetamine. For instance, those reporting daily/weekly heroin had a 3.38 point decline in CESD<sub>20</sub> scores overtime (p value = 0.01). However, heavy methamphetamine users had much higher CESD<sub>20</sub> scores and their scores remained high overtime (p value for change = 0.91). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among this cohort of HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM was high, especially among frequent methamphetamine users. These findings suggest that reducing methamphetamine use may have the potential to reduce depressive symptoms.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107770",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107770"
}