@article{ref1,
title="Weighted drownings - an example of augmentation or enhancement of a suicide method",
journal="Journal of forensic and legal medicine",
year="2020",
author="Stephenson, Lilli and van den Heuvel, Corinna and Byard, Roger W.",
volume="70",
number="",
pages="e101914-e101914",
abstract="While planned complex suicides utilize more than one method, on occasion a planned suicide merely involves augmentation of the lethality of the chosen single method. A study was undertaken of augmented suicidal drownings from Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia over a 25-year period (1993-2017). 493 cases (M:F 2.6:1) were found in which death was attributed to drowning. The age range for males was 7mths-93yrs (mean 43.7yrs) and for females 11mths-87yrs (mean 48.2yrs). A subset of 116 suicidal drownings (M:F 1.2:1) had a male age range of 17-86yrs (mean 52.3yrs) and for females 19-68yrs (mean 57.4yrs). 16 individuals in this group (3% of drownings overall) had utilised weights to assist in their submersion (M:F 1.7:1), with an age range for males of 30-84yrs (mean 63.3yrs) and for females 38-81yrs (mean 54.6yrs). The most common weights were bricks, rocks or concrete blocks (N = 7) with weights that were tied to the body most often attached to the neck (N = 7). Augmented drowning by using weights to enhance submersion was not common in this population and was predominantly a technique utilised by older males. Augmentation of a suicide method may be extremely useful support at a death scene to exclude an accident.<br><br>Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1752-928X",
doi="10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101914",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101914"
}