@article{ref1,
title="A quasi-experimental analysis of lethal means assessment and risk for subsequent suicide attempts and deaths",
journal="Journal of general internal medicine",
year="2020",
author="Boggs, Jennifer M. and Beck, Arne and Ritzwoller, Debra P. and Battaglia, Catherine and Anderson, Heather D. and Lindrooth, Richard C.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Counseling on access to lethal means is highly recommended for patients with suicide risk, but there are no formal evaluations of its impact in real-world settings. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether lethal means assessment reduces the likelihood of suicide attempt and death outcomes. <br><br>DESIGN: Quasi-experimental design using an instrumental variable to overcome confounding due to unmeasured patient characteristics that could influence provider decisions to deliver lethal means assessment. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, an integrated health system serving over 600,000 members, with comprehensive capture of all electronic health records, medical claims, and death information. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients who endorsed suicide ideation on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression screener administered in behavioral health and primary care settings from 2010 to 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Provider documentation of lethal means assessment in the text of clinical notes, collected using a validated Natural Language Processing program. MEASUREMENTS: Main outcome was ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes for self-inflicted injury or suicide death within 180 days of index PHQ-9 event. <br><br>RESULTS: We found 33% of patients with suicide ideation reported on the PHQ-9 received lethal means assessment in the 30 days following identification. Lethal means assessment reduced the risk of a suicide attempt or death within 180 days from 3.3 to 0.83% (p = .034, 95% CI = .069-.9). LIMITATIONS: Unmeasured suicide prevention practices that co-occur with lethal means assessment may contribute to the effects observed. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should expand the use of counseling on access to lethal means, along with co-occurring suicide prevention practices, to all patients who report suicide ideation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0884-8734",
doi="10.1007/s11606-020-05641-4",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05641-4"
}