@article{ref1,
title="Women's economic empowerment, participation in decision-making and exposure to violence as risk indicators for early childhood caries",
journal="BMC oral health",
year="2020",
author="Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin and El Tantawi, Maha and Vuković, Ana and Schroth, Robert and Gaffar, Balgis and Al-Batayneh, Ola B. and Amalia, Rosa and Arheiam, Arheiam and Obiyan, Mary and Daryanavard, Hamideh",
volume="20",
number="1",
pages="e54-e54",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: In view of the association between early childhood caries (ECC])and maternal social risk factors, this study tried to determine if there were associations between indicators of processes, outputs and outcomes of women's empowerment, and the prevalence of ECC. <br><br>METHODS: In this ecological study, indicators measuring the explanatory variables - economic empowerment, decision-making and violence against women - were selected from the Integrated Results and Resources Framework of the UN-Women Strategic Plan 2018-2021 and WHO database. Indicators measuring the outcome variables - the prevalence of ECC for children aged 0 to 2 years, and 3 to 5 years - were extracted from a published literature. The general linear models used to determine the association between the outcome and explanatory variables were adjusted for economic level of countries. Regression estimates (B), 95% confidence intervals and partial eta squared (η<sup>2</sup>) were calculated. <br><br>RESULTS: Countries with more females living under 50% of median income had higher prevalence of ECC for 3 to 5-year olds (B = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.12, 3.52). Countries with higher percentage of women participating in their own health care decisions had higher prevalence of ECC for 0 to 2-year-olds (B = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.67). Countries with higher percentage of women participating in decisions related to visiting family, relatives and friends had higher prevalence of ECC for 3 to 5-year-olds (B = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.32). None of the indicators for violence against women was significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Empowerment of women is a welcome social development that may have some negative impact on children's oral health. Changes in policies and norms are needed to protect children's oral health while empowering women.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1472-6831",
doi="10.1186/s12903-020-1045-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-1045-5"
}