@article{ref1,
title="The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study",
journal="Injury prevention",
year="2020",
author="Franklin, Richard Charles and Peden, Amy Elizabeth and Hamilton, Erin B. and Bisignano, Catherine and Castle, Chris D. and Dingels, Zachary V. and Hay, Simon I. and Liu, Zichen and Mokdad, Ali H. and Roberts, Nicholas L. S. and Sylte, Dillon O. and Vos, Theo and Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat and Abosetugn, Akine Eshete and Ahmed, Rushdia and Alahdab, Fares and Andrei, Catalina Liliana and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Arabloo, Jalal and Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe and Badiye, Ashish D. and Bakkannavar, Shankar M. and Banach, Maciej and Banik, Palash Chandra and Banstola, Amrit and Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn and Barzegar, Akbar and Bayati, Mohsen and Bhardwaj, Pankaj and Bhaumik, Soumyadeep and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Bijani, Ali and Boloor, Archith and Carvalho, Felix and Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir and Chu, Dinh-Toi and Colquhoun, Samantha M. and Dagne, Henok and Dagnew, Baye and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Daryani, Ahmad and Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda and Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat and Do, Hoa Thi and Driscoll, Tim Robert and Eagan, Arielle Wilder and El-Khatib, Ziad and Fernandes, Eduarda and Filip, Irina and Fischer, Florian and Gebremichael, Berhe and Gupta, Gaurav and Haagsma, Juanita A. and Hassan, Shoaib and Hendrie, Delia and Hoang, Chi Linh and Hole, Michael K. and Holla, Ramesh and Hostiuc, Sorin and Househ, Mowafa and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja and Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi and Islam, M. Mofizul and Ivers, Rebecca Q. and Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra and Joukar, Farahnaz and Kalhor, Rohollah and Kanchan, Tanuj and Kapoor, Neeti and Kasaeian, Amir and Khan, Maseer and Khan, Ejaz Ahmad and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Krishan, Kewal and Kumar, G. Anil and Lauriola, Paolo and Lopez, Alan D. and Madadin, Mohammed and Majdan, Marek and Maled, Venkatesh and Manafi, Navid and Manafi, Ali and McKee, Martin and Meles, Hagazi Gebre and Menezes, Ritesh G. and Meretoja, Tuomo J. and Miller, Ted R. and Mithra, Prasanna and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah and Mohammadpourhodki, Reza and Mohebi, Farnam and Molokhia, Mariam and Mustafa, Ghulam and Negoi, Ionut and Nguyen, Cuong Tat and Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi and Olagunju, Andrew T. and Olagunju, Tinuke O. and Padubidri, Jagadish Rao and Pakshir, Keyvan and Pathak, Ashish and Polinder, Suzanne and Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga and Rabiee, Navid and Radfar, Amir and Rana, Saleem Muhammad and Rickard, Jennifer and Safari, Saeed and Salamati, Payman and Samy, Abdallah M. and Sarker, Abdur Razzaque and Schwebel, David C. and Senthilkumaran, Subramanian and Shaahmadi, Faramarz and Shaikh, Masood Ali and Shin, Jae Il and Singh, Pankaj Kumar and Soheili, Amin and Stokes, Mark A. and Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul and Tarigan, Ingan Ukur and Temsah, Mohamad-Hani and Tesfay, Berhe Etsay and Valdez, Pascual R. and Veisani, Yousef and Ye, Pengpeng and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yu, Chuanhua and Yusefzadeh, Hasan and Zaman, Sojib Bin and Zhang, Zhi-Jiang and James, Spencer L.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. <br><br>METHODS: Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. <br><br>RESULTS: Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.<br><br>© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1353-8047",
doi="10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484"
}