@article{ref1,
title="Ocular injuries, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and maternal anxiety/depression levels: Is there a link?",
journal="Chinese journal of traumatology",
year="2020",
author="Kafali, Helin Yilmaz and Biler, Elif Demirkilinc and Palamar, Melis and Ozbaran, Burcu",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="PURPOSE: Given the increased risk of accidents in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or maternal anxiety/depression, we aimed to investigate the frequency of the two diseases in children with penetrating eye injury (PEI). <br><br>METHODS: Altogether 79 children, 39 with PEIs and 40 healthy individuals (control group), aged 5-15 years, underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination. Afterwards, schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-aged children was conducted to assess the psychiatric diagnosis of the volunteers. Turgay diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) -based child and adolescent behavior disorders screening and rating scale (T-DSM-IV-S) was filled by parents to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms. The depression and anxiety levels of mothers of each group were evaluated by two self-report measures: the Beck depression scale and the state-trait anxiety inventory(STAI), respectively. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS version 22.0. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to determine whether there is a significant difference between qualitative variables while independent sample t and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare quantitative variables. <br><br>RESULTS: The only diagnostic difference was a significantly higher frequency of ADHD among patients with PEIs (48.7% in PEIvs. 17.5% in control group, χ<sup>2</sup> = 7.359, p = 0.007). The total scores of the T-DSM-IV-S (attention subscale U = 418.000, p = 0.006; hyperactivity subscale U = 472.000, p = 0.022) and maternal state-trait anxiety inventory (maternal STAI-state U = 243.000, p = 0.003; maternal STAI-trait U = 298.000, p = 0.021) were significantly higher in the PEI group than in control group. In logistic regression, children with PEI had a tendency to have a 3.5-fold increased risk for ADHD (OR = 3.538, CI = 0.960-13.039, p = 0.058). <br><br>CONCLUSION: ADHD was detected almost 1 in 2 children with PEIs. Besides, the maternal anxiety level was significantly higher in the PEI group than in the control group. This association should be further explored via a future prospective longitudinal study. Since a proper treatment of ADHD in children and anxiety treatment in mothers may prevent vision loss following PEIs in children.<br><br>Copyright © 2020 Chinese Medical Association. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1008-1275",
doi="10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.11.008",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.11.008"
}