@article{ref1,
title="Preliminary investigation of a multimodal enhanced brain function index among high school and collegiate concussed male and female athletes",
journal="Physician and sportsmedicine",
year="2020",
author="Covassin, Tracey and McGowan, Amanda L. and Bretzin, Abigail C. and Anderson, Morgan and Petit, Kyle Michael and Savage, Jennifer L. and Katie, Stephenson L. and Elbin, R. J. and Pontifex, Matthew Brian",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="<b>Objective</b>: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of sports-related concussion (SRC) on a multi-faceted assessment battery which included neuropsychological testing, symptom reporting, and enhanced brain function index (eBFI) among athletes with and without SRC. A secondary purpose was to explore longitudinal sex differences among these measures in athletes with and without SRC.<b>Methods</b>: A case-control, repeated-measures design was used for this study. A total of 186 athletes (concussed group:<i>n</i> = 87 controls:<i>n</i> = 99) participated in the study. A repeated-measures design was used in which each athlete was tested at four time points following an SRC: within 72 h of injury (Day 0; 2.0 ± 0.9 days following injury), 5 days following injury (Day 5; 5.0 ± 0.0), at return to play (RTP; 18.3 ± 13.8 days following injury), and within 45 days following RTP (RTP45; 66.2 ± 19.0 days following injury). All analyses were conducted separately using a 2 (Group: concussed, control) × 2 (Sex: male, female) × 4 (Time:Day 0, Day 5, RTP, RTP45) univariate multi-level model including the random intercept for each participant. A higher eBFI score indicates a better performance. Alpha level was set aprior at .05. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Objective Brain Function Assessment of mTBI/Concussion in College/high school Athletes NCT02477943, NCT02661633, CAS 13-25 NCT03963804).<b>Results</b>: Concussed athletes exhibited impaired eBFI within 72 h of SRC and at Day 5 compared to controls (<i>p</i> <.001). Analysis of eBFI scores between male and female athletes revealed a main effect of sex (<i>p</i> =.05), with female athletes exhibiting lower eBFI (33.9 ± 30.7) relative to male athletes (40.4 ± 33.0), however, it did not indicate interactions between sex, group, and time (<i>p's</i> ≥ 0.786).<b>Conclusion</b>: The eBFI appears to be a useful tool in determining concussed athletes during the acute stages of an SRC. However, this index may lack the sensitivity to detect sex-related differences between groups at various time points during recovery.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-3847",
doi="10.1080/00913847.2020.1745717",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1745717"
}