@article{ref1,
title="Dental local anesthesia-related pediatric cases reported to U.S. poison control centers",
journal="Pediatric dentistry",
year="2020",
author="Townsend, Janice A. and Spiller, Henry and Hammersmith, Kim and Casamassimo, Paul S.",
volume="42",
number="2",
pages="116-122",
abstract="<b>                         <i>Purpose:</i>                     </b> The purpose of this study was to use National Poison Data System (NPDS) data to identify cases of local anesthetic (LA) adverse events related to dentistry for children. <b>                         <i>Methods:</i>                     </b> NPDS data were queried for all human cases from 2004 to 2018 that identified a parenteral LA agent as the substance, in children 12 years old and younger, which led to a medical outcome classification ranging from moderate to death. For cases that met inclusion criteria, deidentified records with case notes were requested. <b>                         <i>Results:</i>                     </b> Twenty-seven dental cases that met review criteria and had available case notes were reviewed. Most subjects were female (<small>N</small> equals 20 out of 27, 74 percent), and the average subject age was 6.8 years. Twenty cases (74 percent) had a moderate effect, seven cases (26 percent) had a major effect, and no fatalities were reported. The most common clinical effects classification was a seizure (<small>N</small> equals 13, 48 percent). One case of LA overdose was identified. <b>                         <i>Conclusions:</i>                     </b> No cases of permanent damage or fatal outcomes were found. Seizure activity following the administration of local anesthetic was the most common event, suggesting intravascular administration or a toxic dose.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0164-1263",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}