@article{ref1,
title="Substance use disorder in adult-attention deficit hyperactive disorder patients: patterns of use and related clinical features",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2020",
author="Spera, Vincenza and Pallucchini, Alessandro and Maiello, Marco and Carli, Marco and Maremmani, Angelo G. I. and Perugi, Giulio and Maremmani, Icro",
volume="17",
number="10",
pages="e3509-e3509",
abstract="BACKGROUND: While a large amount of medical literature has explored the association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), less attention has been dedicated to the typologies of SUD and their relationships with ADHD-specific symptomatology and general psychopathology in dual disorder patients.  METHODS: We selected 72 patients (aged 18-65) with a concomitant SUD out of 120 adults with ADHD (A-ADHD). Assessment instruments included the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0), Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Observer (CAARS-O:S): Short Version, the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I and II Disorders (SCID-I), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Brief Psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), the Reactivity Intensity Polarity Stability Questionnaire (RIPoSt-40), the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). A factorial analysis was performed to group our patients by clusters in different typologies of substance use and correlations between SUDs, as made evident by their typological and diagnostic features; in addition, specific ADHD symptoms, severity of general psychopathology and patients' functionality were assessed.  RESULTS: Two patterns of substance use were identified: the first (type 1) characterized by stimulants/alcohol and the second (type 2) by the use of cannabinoids (THC). Type 1 users were significantly younger and had more legal problems. The two patterns were similar in terms of ADHD-specific symptomatology and its severity at treatment entry. No differences were found regarding the other scales assessed, except for lower scores at MEQ in type 1 users.  CONCLUSIONS: At treatment entry, the presence of different comorbid SUD clusters do not affect ADHD-specific symptomatology or severity.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph17103509",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103509"
}