@article{ref1,
title="Children's early difficulty and agreeableness in adolescence: testing a developmental model of interplay of parent and child effects",
journal="Developmental psychology",
year="2020",
author="Kochanska, Grazyna and Kim, Sanghag",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Although the trait of Agreeableness is broadly considered a key facet of adjustment, mental health, and socioemotional competence, surprisingly little is known about its developmental origins. Laursen and Richmond (2014) proposed that children's early difficulty poses a challenge for their future social relationships, ultimately leading to low Agreeableness. Drawing from that model, we examined a path to Agreeableness in adolescence, originating in children's early temperamental difficulty and involving bidirectional effects of parenting and children's self-regulation. In a community sample of 102 mothers, fathers, and children, we assessed children's difficulty at age 3, and parental power-assertive discipline and children's self-regulation at ages 4.5 and 5.5, using behavioral observations in lengthy interactive contexts and in standard laboratory paradigms. Agreeableness at age 14 was modeled as a latent construct, derived from mothers', fathers', and teachers' ratings. Model-fitting analyses, testing the unfolding developmental path from child difficulty to Agreeableness while controlling for continuity of parental power assertion and child self-regulation, supported a process linking early difficulty with Agreeableness at age 14 through transactions over time between the child's self-regulation and power-assertive parenting. The findings highlight the early dynamics of children's temperament characteristics and parenting in the origins of Agreeableness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0012-1649",
doi="10.1037/dev0001023",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0001023"
}