@article{ref1,
title="Whole-body metabolism, carbohydrate utilization, and caloric energy balance after sport concussion: a pilot study",
journal="Sports health",
year="2020",
author="Walton, Samuel R. and Malin, Steven K. and Kranz, Sibylle and Broshek, Donna K. and Hertel, Jay and Resch, Jacob E.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Sport concussion (SC) causes an energy crisis in the brain by increasing energy demand, decreasing energy supply, and altering metabolic resources. Whole-body resting metabolic rate (RMR) is elevated after more severe brain injuries, but RMR changes are unknown after SC. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine energy-related changes in collegiate athletes after SC.   HYPOTHESIS: RMR and energy consumption will increase acutely after SC and will return to control levels with recovery.   STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study.  LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.   METHODS: A total of 20 collegiate athletes with SC (mean age, 19.3 ± 1.08 years; mean height, 1.77 ± 0.11 m; mean weight, 79.6 ± 23.37 kg; 55% female) were compared with 20 matched controls (mean age, 20.8 ± 2.17 years; mean height, 1.77 ± 0.10 m; mean weight, 81.9 ± 23.45 kg; 55% female). RMR, percentage carbohydrate use (%CHO), and energy balance (EBal; ratio between caloric consumption and expenditure) were assessed 3 times: T1, ≤72 hours after SC; T2, 7 days after T1; and TF, after symptom resolution. A 2 × 2 × 3 (group × sex × time) multivariate analysis of variance assessed RMR, %CHO, and EBal. Changes in RMR, %CHO, and EBal (T1 to TF) were correlated with days to symptom-free and days to return to play in the concussed group.   RESULTS: Women reported being symptom-free (median, 6 days; range, 3-10 days) sooner than men (median, 11 days; range, 7-16 days). RMR and %CHO did not differ across time between groups or for group × sex interaction. SC participants had higher EBal than controls at T1 (P = 0.016) and T2 (P = 0.010). In men with SC, increasing %CHO over time correlated with days to symptom-free (r = 0.735 and P = 0.038, respectively) and days to return to play (r = 0.829 and P = 0.021, respectively).   CONCLUSION: Participants with SC were in energy surplus acutely after injury. Although women recovered more quickly than men, men had carbohydrate metabolism changes that correlated with recovery time.   CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This pilot study shows that male and female student-athletes may have differing physiologic responses to SC and that there may be a role for dietary intervention to improve clinical outcomes after SC.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1941-7381",
doi="10.1177/1941738120923869",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120923869"
}