@article{ref1,
title="God's penology: belief in a masculine God predicts support for harsh criminal punishment and militarism",
journal="Punishment and society",
year="2020",
author="Baker, Joseph O. and Whitehead, Andrew L.",
volume="22",
number="2",
pages="135-160",
abstract="Prior research demonstrates that multiple dimensions of religiosity significantly predict punitive attitudes and militarism. This study highlights the importance of believing in a masculine God, an aspect of religiosity with a robust and consistent relationship to punitiveness and militarism, but which has previously been unexamined. After accounting for multiple aspects of religiosity highlighted by previous research--such as frequency of religious practice, religious tradition, fundamentalist identity and beliefs, and other dimensions of God image including love, anger, judgment, and engagement--believing that God is a &quot;He&quot; consistently and strongly increases support for harsh social policies targeting intra-societal enemies (criminals), as well as general militarism and campaigns targeting extra-societal enemies (e.g. &quot;terrorists&quot;). These results highlight the importance of theorizing and measuring gendered dimensions of belief in God, as well as the importance of fine-grained considerations of religion in studies of penal populism and militarism.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1462-4745",
doi="10.1177/1462474519850570",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474519850570"
}