@article{ref1,
title="Hunger to violence: explaining the violent escalation of nonviolent demonstrations",
journal="Journal of conflict resolution",
year="2020",
author="Gustafson, Daniel",
volume="64",
number="6",
pages="1121-1145",
abstract="Under what conditions do nonviolent demonstrations escalate to violence? I answer this question using a novel theory of individual impatience in protests that begin peacefully. Rather than considering protest groups as unitary actors, I present a theory of collective action in which a group's decision over whether or not to engage in anti-government violence is the product of individual preferences. Individuals involved in a nonviolent demonstration use the immediacy of their needs and the sustainability of collective action to decide whether or not to initiate violence against the state. Specifically, I hypothesize that the likelihood of violent escalation will increase when the food price increases and unemployment rate is high or when the event is spontaneous. Analysis of a Bayesian multilevel model of 2,405 nonviolent demonstrations from 1991 to 2017 in Africa and Latin America supports my expectations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-0027",
doi="10.1177/0022002719890669",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719890669"
}