@article{ref1,
title="Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers",
journal="Psychological medicine",
year="2020",
author="Baumeister, David and Ward, Tom and Garety, Philippa and Jackson, Mike and Morgan, Craig and Charalambides, Monica and Chadwick, Paul and Howes, Oliver and Peters, Emmanuelle",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: Psychosis, and in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), are associated with adversity exposure. However, AVHs also occur in populations with no need for care or distress.   AIMS: This study investigated whether adversity exposure would differentiate clinical and healthy voice-hearers within the context of a 'three-hit' model of vulnerability and stress exposure.   METHODS: Samples of 57 clinical and 45 healthy voice-hearers were compared on the three 'hits': familial risk; adversity exposure in childhood and in adolescence/adulthood.   RESULTS: Clinical voice-hearers showed greater familial risk than healthy voice-hearers, with more family members with a history of psychosis, but not with other mental disorders. The two groups did not differ in their exposure to adversity in childhood [sexual and non-sexual, victimisation; discrimination and socio-economic status (SES)]. Contrary to expectations, clinical voice-hearers did not differ from healthy voice-hearers in their exposure to victimisation (sexual/non-sexual) and discrimination in adolescence/adulthood, but reported more cannabis and substance misuse, and lower SES.   CONCLUSIONS: The current study found no evidence that clinical and healthy voice-hearers differ in lifetime victimisation exposure, suggesting victimisation may be linked to the emergence of AVHs generally, rather than need-for-care. Familial risk, substance misuse and lower SES may be additional risk factors involved in the emergence of need-for-care and distress.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-2917",
doi="10.1017/S0033291720002433",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002433"
}