@article{ref1,
title="Concussion: mechanisms of injury and trends from 1997 to 2019",
journal="Rhode Island medical journal (2013)",
year="2020",
author="Reid, Daniel B. C. and Shah, Kalpit N. and Baum, Evan J. and Daniels, Alan H.",
volume="103",
number="7",
pages="71-75",
abstract="BACKGROUND: There is limited long-term epidemiological data focused on concussions in the United States.   METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried from 1997 to 2019 for concussion diagnoses. National incidence rates, stratified by age and sex, were estimated. Injury mechanisms were ranked.   RESULTS: From 1997 to 2019, there was a 3-fold increase in the diagnosis of concussion from 82,103 (95% CI 77,650-86,555) in 1997 to 261,722 (95% CI 212,156-311,288) in 2019 (p<0.001). Fall-related head-injury mechanisms were most common in very young (<5 year old) and older (>65 year old) patients. Sports-related injuries were most common in those age 5-24 years old.   CONCLUSIONS: It remains unclear if the observed two-decade rise in reported concussions represents a true increase in incidence or is indicative of improvements in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment during this time period. Common injury mechanisms described highlight the need for improved age-specific safety recommendations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2327-2228",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}