@article{ref1,
title="The association between pain trajectories with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and disability during the acute posttrauma period",
journal="Psychosomatic medicine",
year="2020",
author="Connor, Julie P. and Brier, Zoe M. F. and Price, Matthew",
volume="82",
number="9",
pages="862-868",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Exposure to a traumatic event is common among US adults, yet only a small fraction develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Higher pain after a traumatic injury has been associated with higher PTSD symptoms and thus may be a risk factor. However, few studies have examined how pain during the period immediately after a trauma, referred to as the acute posttrauma period, relates later to PTSD outcomes.   METHODS: A sample of (n = 87) individuals who had experienced a traumatic injury assessed their pain through daily mobile assessments for the first month after injury. PTSD, depression, and functional impairment were assessed at the time of trauma and 1 and 3 months later.   RESULTS: Using latent class growth analysis, three trajectories of pain were identified: low pain (41.3%), decreasing pain (43.7%), and high pain (14.9%). At baseline, the high-pain class reported higher levels of depression and functional impairment than did the low-pain group. From baseline to 3 months, the low-pain class experienced a reduction in PTSD, depression, and functional impairment, whereas the high-pain class experienced an increase in PTSD symptoms, persistent depression, and functional impairment.   CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that there are distinct trajectories of pain after a traumatic injury. Persistent elevated pain is associated with more severe psychopathology in the period immediately after a traumatic injury.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3174",
doi="10.1097/PSY.0000000000000866",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000866"
}