@article{ref1,
title="Sex differences in reporting of concussion symptoms in adults",
journal="Clinical neuropsychologist, The",
year="2020",
author="Bunt, Stephen C. and Didehbani, Nyaz and LoBue, Christian and Stokes, Mathew and Heinzelmann, Morgan and Rossetti, Heidi C. and Miller, Shane M. and Nakonezny, Paul A. and Bell, Kathleen and Batjer, Hunt and Cullum, C. Munro",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="To examine differences in concussion symptom reporting between female and male  adults considering current psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression and  pre-injury factors in order to identify sex differences which may guide treatment  efforts. <br><br>METHOD: This prospective study is part of the North Texas Concussion  Registry (ConTex). Subjects (N = 132) age 19 to 78 years had sustained a concussion  within 30 days of clinic visit. The independent variable was sex and covariates  included age, ethnicity, current anxiety and depression ratings, history of  attention deficit disorder, history of headache/migraine, and time to clinic. The  dependent variables were 22 post-concussion symptoms as measured by the Sport  Concussion Assessment Tool-5 Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. <br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of  covariance and ordinal logistic regression results both revealed that females had a  greater likelihood of reporting increased symptom severity for 15/22 concussion  symptoms. The largest risk ratios (effect size) in symptom reporting between sexes  (higher symptoms in females) included: feeling more emotional 4.05 (0.72), fatigue  or low energy 4.05 (0.72), sensitivity to light 3.74 (0.69), headache 3.65 (0.57),  balance problems 3.31 (0.53), pressure in head 3.06 (0.51), and neck pain 2.97  (0.60). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Adult females in our sample reported higher levels of many  concussion symptoms than males and showed an increased risk of developing these same  symptoms following concussion. Examination of the magnitude of sex difference in  concussion symptom reporting will better inform medical staff to anticipate and  address symptoms that may present greater challenges for adult females.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1385-4046",
doi="10.1080/13854046.2020.1842500",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1842500"
}