@article{ref1,
title="Reciprocal influences of tobacco use on illicit opioid and alcohol use during the  first six-months of specialist addiction treatment",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2020",
author="Eastwood, Brian and Clare, Tom and Dockrell, Martin J. and Locker, Jo and Chowdary, Qasim and Jahr, Stefan and Jones, Andrew and Robson, Deborah and Marsden, John",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: This is the first national study of lagged reciprocal associations  between tobacco smoking frequency and change in illicit opioid or alcohol use  frequency within six-months of treatment. <br><br>METHODS: All adults admitted to  publicly-funded specialist addiction treatment in England in 2018/19 and enrolled  for at least six months for either opioid use disorder (OUD; n = 22,046; 82.4 % of  those eligible) or alcohol use disorder (AUD; n = 15,251; 78.8 % of those eligible). Two cross-lagged panel models estimated, separately for OUD and AUD patients, the  relationships between smoking at admission and change in main drug over six months,  and between main drug use at admission and change in smoking over six months. <br><br>RESULTS: Within the OUD cohort, illicit opioid use frequency reduced from 17.7 days  to 8.0 days and smoking tobacco remained at 18.8 days. After controlling for  available covariates, higher smoking frequency at admission was associated with a  relative increase in illicit opioid use at six-months (0.02 days [95 % CI  0.00-0.03]). Within the AUD cohort, alcohol use frequency reduced from 21.2 days to  14.4 days while smoking tobacco reduced from 12.6 days to 11.5 days. Higher smoking  frequency at admission was associated with a relative increase in alcohol use at  six-months (0.03 days [95 % CI 0.02-0.04]) and higher alcohol use frequency at  admission was associated with a relative increase in smoking at six-months (0.04 [95  % CI 0.02-0.06]), controlling for available covariates. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Higher smoking  frequency at admission is associated with higher illicit opioid and alcohol use  frequency after six-months of specialist addiction treatment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108418",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108418"
}