@article{ref1,
title="Differential effects of stimulant versus opiate drugs on driving performance",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2020",
author="Tabibi, Zahra and Schwebel, David C. and Moghaddam, Abolfazl Mohammadzadeh and Fadardi, Javad Salehi and Feizabadi, Sara Mirzaei",
volume="150",
number="",
pages="e105885-e105885",
abstract="BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pharmacological differences among different drug classes  influence human cognition, visual, and motor behavior in different ways. These  differences impact driving safety, and therefore individuals who use stimulant and  opioid drugs might experience different patterns in driving safety and impairment in  driving performance. This study examined the effect of long-term use of stimulant  drugs and of opiate drugs on driving performance, hazard perception, visual search  skills and psychomotor skills related to driving. <br><br>METHODS: A total of 75  individuals, including 28 predominantly stimulant users, 22 predominantly opiate  users and 25 healthy non-drug users, participated. Driving performance and  psychomotor skills were assessed via a 15-minute drive in a simulator; hazard  perception was assessed via a computerized task; and visual search skill was  assessed by eye tracking. <br><br>RESULTS: ANOVA analyses indicate both stimulant and opiate  users drove at higher speeds and experienced more crashes than the healthy non-drug  users. Stimulant but not opiate users violated red light regulations more often than  the healthy non-drug users. In the hazard perception task, stimulant drug users  performed more poorly than both opioid drug users and healthy non-drug users. Specifically, they had lower saccade movement scores and higher average fixation  times. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm that both stimulant drug users and opiate drug  users show impaired driving performance compared to healthy non-drug users. Stimulant drug users possessed poorer hazard perception skills compared to the  opiate users and the control group, perhaps as a result of cognitive deficits  created by the drug use.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2020.105885",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105885"
}