@article{ref1,
title="Leans illusion in hexapod simulator facilitates erroneous responses to artificial  horizon in airline pilots",
journal="Human factors",
year="2020",
author="van den Hoed, Annemarie and Landman, Annemarie and Van Baelen, Dirk and Stroosma, Olaf and van Paassen, M. M. René and Groen, Eric L. and Mulder, Max",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: We tested whether a procedure in a hexapod simulator can cause incorrect  assumptions of the bank angle (i.e., the &quot;leans&quot;) in airline pilots as well as  incorrect interpretations of the attitude indicator (AI). <br><br>BACKGROUND: The effect of  the leans on interpretation errors has previously been demonstrated in nonpilots. In-flight, incorrect assumptions can arise due to misleading roll cues (spatial  disorientation). <br><br>METHOD: Pilots (n = 18) performed 36 runs, in which they were asked  to roll to wings level using only the AI. They received roll cues before the AI was  shown, which matched with the AI bank angle direction in most runs, but which were  toward the opposite direction in a leans-opposite condition (four runs). In a  baseline condition (four runs), they received no roll cues. To test whether pilots  responded to the AI, the AI sometimes showed wings level following roll cues in a  leans-level condition (four runs). <br><br>RESULTS: Overall, pilots made significantly more  errors in the leans-opposite (19.4%) compared to the baseline (6.9%) or leans-level  condition (0.0%). There was a pronounced learning effect in the leans-opposite  condition, as 38.9% of pilots made an error in the first exposure to this condition. Experience (i.e., flight hours) had no significant effects. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The leans  procedure was effective in inducing AI misinterpretations and control input errors  in pilots.  APPLICATION: The procedure can be used in spatial disorientation  demonstrations. The results underline the importance of unambiguous displays that  should be able to quickly correct incorrect assumptions due to spatial  disorientation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720820975248",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720820975248"
}