@article{ref1,
title="Understanding the relationship between cognitive performance and function in daily life after traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry",
year="2020",
author="Wilson, Lindsay and Horton, Lindsay and Kunzmann, Kevin and Sahakian, Barbara J. and Newcombe, Virginia Fj and Stamatakis, Emmanuel A. and von Steinbuechel, Nicole and Cunitz, Katrin and Covic, Amra and Maas, Andrew and Van Praag, Dominique and Menon, David",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment is a key cause of disability after traumatic brain  injury (TBI) but relationships with overall functioning in daily life are often  modest. The aim is to examine cognition at different levels of function and identify  domains associated with disability. <br><br>METHODS: 1554 patients with mild-to-severe TBI  were assessed at 6 months post injury on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE),  the Short Form-12v2 and a battery of cognitive tests. Outcomes across GOSE  categories were compared using analysis of covariance adjusting for age, sex and  education. <br><br>RESULTS: Overall effect sizes were small to medium, and greatest for  tests involving processing speed (η(p) (2) 0.057-0.067) and learning and memory  (η(p) (2) 0.048-0.052). Deficits in cognitive performance were particularly evident  in patients who were dependent (GOSE 3 or 4) or who were unable to participate in  one or more major life activities (GOSE 5). At higher levels of function (GOSE 6-8),  cognitive performance was surprisingly similar across categories. There were  decreases in performance even in patients reporting complete recovery without  significant symptoms. Medium to large effect sizes were present for summary measures  of cognition (η(p) (2) 0.111), mental health (η(p) (2) 0.131) and physical health  (η(p) (2) 0.252). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale study provides novel insights into  cognitive performance at different levels of disability and highlights the  importance of processing speed in function in daily life. At upper levels of  outcome, any influence of cognition on overall function is markedly attenuated and  differences in mental health are salient.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3050",
doi="10.1136/jnnp-2020-324492",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324492"
}