@article{ref1,
title="Profile of incidental exposures to e-cigarette liquids in Europe, 2018-2019",
journal="Human and experimental toxicology",
year="2020",
author="Vardavas, Constantine I. and Girvalaki, Charis and Odani, Satomi and Nikitara, Katerina and de Vries, Irma and van Riel, Antoinette and van Sommeren-de Potter, Iris and Grass, Johanna Nordmark and Grassi, Maria Caterina and Deim, Szilvia and Balázs, Andrea and Fosztó, Szabolcs and Schiel, Helmut and Arif, Tara and Eronen, Anna-Kaisa and Alonso, Antonio Alonso and Menor, José Luis Conejo and Arrieta, Rosa Martinez and Babić, Željka and Turk, Rajka and Vardavas, Alexander I. and Tsatsakis, Aristidis",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Following the implementation of the European Union Tobacco Product Directive (EU TPD) regulations on e-cigarette products in 2016, we assessed the current profile of e-cigarette liquid exposure incidents and their associated health outcomes.   METHODS: De-identified data were received from poison centers in eight EU Member States (Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Hungary Austria, Finland, Spain and Croatia) reporting on e-cigarette liquid exposure incidents between August 2018 to December 2019. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present incident characteristics and health outcomes. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to test associations.   RESULTS: Of the 223 e-liquid exposure incidents recorded by poison centers in multiple EU MS, 64.7% of the cases were unintentional exposures, ranging from 48.4% among adults aged ≥19 years to 100.0% among children aged 0-5 years (p < 0.05). The most frequent route of exposure was ingestion (73.5%) while55.2% experienced any clinical symptoms, including nausea (16.6%), vomiting (11.1%), and dizziness (9.0%). 57.8% of the cases were treated at the residence or on-site.   CONCLUSION: Further monitoring is warranted, using uniform reporting requirements, to ensure the continued compliance to the EU TPD and assess its long-term impact on related incident characteristics.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0960-3271",
doi="10.1177/0960327120975828",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327120975828"
}