@article{ref1,
title="The effectiveness of a mnemonic-type startle and surprise management procedure for pilots",
journal="International journal of aerospace psychology",
year="2020",
author="Landman, Annemarie and Middelaar, Sophie H. van and Groen, Eric L. and Paassen, M. M. (René) van and Bronkhorst, Adelbert W. and Mulder, Max",
volume="30",
number="3-4",
pages="104-118",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Mnemonic-type startle and surprise procedures were previously proposed to help pilots cope with startle and surprise in-flight, but effects on performance after procedure execution have not yet been investigated. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: Thus, we tested the effectiveness a new mnemonic-type procedure in a moving-base simulator with a non-linear model of a small twin-propeller aircraft flown single-pilot. <br><br>METHOD: An experimental group of twelve line pilots was trained to use a four-item procedure: 1. Calm down: take a deep breath, sit up straight and relax shoulders and hands. 2. Observe: call out the basic flight parameters. 3. Outline: formulate a hypothesis about the problem. 4. Lead: formulate and execute a plan of action. A control group of twelve line pilots received a control training. Next, all pilots performed four scenarios with startling and surprising events. Data were obtained on pilot performance, stress, procedure application and evaluation. <br><br>RESULTS: Application of the procedure in the test scenarios was high (90.0% full, 100.0% partly), and pilots evaluated the procedure positively (median: 4 on a 1-5 point scale). There was significantly superior decision-making in the experimental group, but immediate responses were significantly less optimal. Pilots sometimes applied the procedure at inappropriate moments. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The results of the tested mnemonic-type procedure were promising. The procedure may benefit, however, from modifications to reduce complexity and to stimulate application at the appropriate moment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2472-1840",
doi="10.1080/24721840.2020.1763798",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1763798"
}