@article{ref1,
title="The structure of post-concussion symptoms in adolescent student athletes: confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance",
journal="Clinical neuropsychologist, The",
year="2020",
author="Karr, Justin E. and Iverson, Grant L.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study examined factor models for the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) at baseline and after suspected sport-related concussion, and measurement invariance from pre-injury to post-injury assessments and across age, gender, and health history groups (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, psychiatric history). <br><br>METHODS: Adolescent student athletes (ages 13-18) completed a baseline PCSS (n = 39,015; 54.3% boys) and a subsample within 21 days of a suspected concussion (n = 1,554; 56.7% boys) completed a post-injury PCSS. Five models were evaluated for fit and invariance. <br><br>RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses showed good baseline and post-injury model fit for a previously supported four-factor model (i.e., cognitive-sensory, sleep-arousal, vestibular-somatic, and affective), an alternative four-factor model (i.e., cognitive, sleep-arousal, physical, and affective), and an incomplete bifactor model with vestibular-somatic and affective specific factors, along with partial invariance from pre-injury to post-injury assessments. Partial-to-full invariance was established for each model at baseline across demographic and health history groups. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results showed empirical and conceptual support for both PCSS subscales (i.e., cognitive, sleep-arousal, physical, and affective) and a total score for use in pre-injury to post-injury assessments and across demographic and health history groups at baseline. Future normative data, stratified by demographics and health history, could provide more precise symptom assessments for concussion management.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1385-4046",
doi="10.1080/13854046.2020.1850867",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1850867"
}