@article{ref1,
title="Study of backspatter using high-speed video of experimental gunshots",
journal="Forensic science, medicine, and pathology",
year="2020",
author="Schyma, Christian and Baumann, Fabienne and Madea, Burkhard and Gotsmy, Walther",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Backspatter is biological material that is ejected from the entry wound against the line of fire. This phenomenon was also observed in wound ballistic simulations using so called &quot;reference cubes&quot; (12 cm edge length, 10% gelatin, 4 °C, paint pad beneath the cover). High-speed video records from 102 experimental shots to these target models using full metal jacketed bullets in the calibers.32 auto,.38 special, 9 mm Luger and.357 Magnum were analyzed for chronology, morphological appearance and velocity of fluid ejection. Generally, a short tail splashing of surface material occurred when the bullet was penetrating the target. In 51 shots from distance (≥ 5 cm), regardless of caliber and shot range, a linear jet of fluid started in connection with the first collapse of the temporary cavity. The initial velocity of the jet was measured between 6 and 45 m/s. The jet was streaming on for about 60 to 100 ms with a stochastic deviation of ± 13° to the horizontal. Close range and contact shots showed earlier and faster (up to 330 m/s) backspatter depending on the cartridge and the gap between muzzle and target. Gaseous aerosol-like spray and cone-like spatter indicated an increasing influence of muzzle gases with decreasing shot range. Even under standardized experimental conditions, variations of backspatter were observed in near/contact shots.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1547-769X",
doi="10.1007/s12024-020-00326-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-020-00326-0"
}