@article{ref1,
title="Performance of ground-level signal detection when using a phone while walking",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2020",
author="Kim, Eunjee and Kim, Hyorim and Kwon, Yujin and Choi, Seobin and Shin, Gwanseob",
volume="151",
number="",
pages="e105909-e105909",
abstract="Ground-level traffic lights or safety signs have been introduced recently as a  prevention measure for smartphone-related pedestrian accidents. However,  quantitative evaluation of smartphone users' detection performance during distracted  walking has been scarce. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the  performance of detecting ground-level visual cues during the concurrent use of a  smartphone while walking. Thirty-eight young smartphone users performed ground-level  visual cue detection trials, 1) while walking upright on a treadmill without using a  smartphone; 2) when conducting one-handed browsing while walking; and, 3) when  conducting two-handed texting while walking. Visual cues were presented on the  ground at 24 locations by a ceiling-mounted projector, and participants were asked  to respond verbally when they perceived the appearance of each cue. Study results  show that the concurrent use of a smartphone decreased the detection rate  significantly (p < 0.05) from 93.5 % to 76.3∼74.1 %, and increased the reaction time  from 0.90 s to 1.04∼1.15 s. Among the 24 cue locations, cues that were presented  closer to participants were detected significantly (p < 0.05) more often and faster  than cues that were shown at further locations. The results of this laboratory-based  study imply that the ground-level signals might not be detected well by smartphone  users, specifically when they were conducting more demanding tasks such as texting  while walking. However, the laboratory conditions were confined to a specific usage  environment; therefore, future research should be focused on the situation awareness  of smartphone users under various usage scenarios and more realistic environments.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2020.105909",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105909"
}